第八节 仁义在于职分中的公正忠信
422# 仁义本身，就是人在其所处的职分、事务与工作中，并在其与人发生某种往来之处，公正而忠信地行事。
这之所以是仁义本身，是因为人如此所行的一切，皆对群体有用；而用即良善；良善若抽离具体人位而言，就是邻舍。（上文已经说明，不仅个别人是邻舍，较小的群体是邻舍，祖国本身亦是邻舍。）
例如，君王若以行善为臣民之表率，愿其臣民依公义之法律而生活，奖赏如此生活者，按各人功绩看待每一个人，保护他们免受伤害与侵凌，作一国之父，并普遍谋求其人民的福祉，那么，他心中便有仁义，其所行便是善行。
祭司若教导出自圣言的真理，并借这些真理引人进入生命之善，因而引人进入天堂，那么，因为他顾念其教会中众人的灵魂，他就是以卓越的方式实行仁义。
审判官若按公义与法律施行审判，而不出于贿赂、友情或亲缘关系，他就是既顾念群体，也顾念个别人。说他顾念群体，是因为群体由此被维系于对法律的顺从，并处于对犯法的畏惧之中；说他顾念个别人，是因为公义由此胜过不义。
商人若出于真诚行事，而不出于欺诈行事，他就是顾念与他交易的邻舍。同样，工人与匠人若正直而真诚地完成自己的工作，而不狡诈、不诡诈，也是如此。其余各类人亦然，如船长、水手、农夫和仆人。
422# 仁爱本身就是在一个人所从事的职责、业务和工作中行事公义而忠实，因为这样一个人所行的一切都对社群具有功用；功用就是良善；在从人抽象出来的意义上，良善就是邻舍。不仅单单一个人是邻舍，而且我们的社区，甚至作为一个整体的国家都是邻舍，如前所示（TCR 412-414节）。举例说明，如果一个国王为臣民树立行善的榜样，希望他们照着公义的法律生活，并奖励如此生活的人，根据各人的价值来看待各人，或说给予每个人应得的考虑，保护他的百姓免受伤害和入侵，像父亲一样对待自己的国家，关心百姓的普遍繁荣，那么他心里就有仁爱，或说他从心里是仁爱的化身，他的行为就是善行。如果一个牧师教导来自圣言的真理，由此引向生活的良善，从而引向天堂，那么他就是在以非常重要的方式行使仁爱，或说在行使仁爱中表现出色，因为他在关心他教会之人的灵魂的利益。如果一个法官根据律法和正义进行审判，而不是为了贿赂、亲朋好友，那么他就是在关心社区和每个个体的利益，关心社区的利益，是因为他的决定会影响社区遵守法律，并害怕违反法律，关心个体的利益，是因为他的决定使得正义战胜非正义。诚实无欺的商人就是在关心与他做生意的邻舍的利益。一个工人或工匠若诚实正直地工作，而不是狡诈和欺骗性地工作，也是如此。其他所有人，如船长和水手，农民和仆人，同样如此。
422. Goodwill Itself Is Acting Justly and Faithfully in Our Position and Our Work and with the People with Whom We Interact
Goodwill itself is acting justly and faithfully in our position and our work, because all the things we do in this way are useful to the community; and usefulness is goodness, and goodness in an impersonal sense is our neighbor. As I have shown above [412-414], our neighbor is not only individual people but also our community and the country as a whole.
For example, if monarchs lead the way for their subjects by setting an example of doing good, if they want their people to live by the laws of justice, if they reward people who live that way, if they give all people the consideration they deserve, if they keep their people safe from harm and invasion, if they act like parents to their countries, and take care for the general prosperity of their people - these monarchs have goodwill in their hearts. The things they do are good actions.
Priests who teach truths from the Word and use truths to lead to a goodness of life, and therefore to heaven, are practicing goodwill in very important ways, because they are caring for the souls of the people in their church.
Judges who make decisions on the basis of justice and the law, and not because of bribery or because someone is their friend or relative, are caring for the community and for the individual - for the community, because their decisions influence it to stay obedient to the law and fearful of breaking it, and for the individual, because their decisions allow justice to triumph over injustice.
Business people who act with honesty and without fraudulence are caring for the neighbor they do business with. So are workers and craftspeople when they do their work uprightly and honestly rather than falsely or deceptively. The same goes for everyone else - for ship captains and sailors, for farm workers and servants.
422. VIII. Real charity is dealing fairly and faithfully in whatever position, business or work one is engaged in, and with those with whom one comes into contact.
Real charity is dealing fairly and faithfully in whatever position, business or work one is engaged in, because everything a person so does is of use to the community; and use is good; and good, leaving persons out of account, is the neighbour. (It was shown above that not only the individual but also the community, [great or] 1 small, and one's country is the neighbour.) For example, if a king sets his subjects an example by his good deeds, if he desires them to live in accordance with the laws of justice, rewarding those who do so, treating all according to their deserts, if he protects them from injury and invasion, acts as father to his kingdom and in general takes thought for the prosperity of his people, he has charity in his heart and his acts are good deeds. If a priest teaches truths from the Word, and uses them to lead people to live a good life, and so to reach heaven, he is a prime example of the exercise of charity, because he takes thought for the souls of the people in his church. If a judge bases his decisions on justice and the law, and is not influenced by bribes, friendship or nepotism, he takes thought for the community in general and the individual in particular; for the community, because this keeps it obedient to the law and afraid of breaking it; for the individual, by the fact that justice triumphs over injustice. If a business man acts honestly and not fraudulently, he takes thought for the neighbour with whom he has dealings. The same is true of a workman or craftsman, if he does his work properly and honestly, without pretence or deceit. The same is true of other occupations, such as ship-captains and sailors, or farmers and servants.
Footnotes:
1. For the insertion, cf. 412, 1.
422. VIII. CHARITY ITSELF IS ACTING JUSTLY AND FAITHFULLY IN THE OFFICE, BUSINESS, AND EMPLOYMENT IN WHICH A MAN IS ENGAGED, AND WITH THOSE WITH WHOM HE HAS ANY DEALINGS.
Charity itself is acting justly and faithfully in the office, business, and employment in which a man is engaged, because all that such a man does is of use to society, and use is good; and good in a sense abstracted from person is the neighbor. (That not a single man only, but also a lesser community, and even a man's country, is the neighbor, has been shown above.) Take, for example, a king who sets his subjects an example of well-doing, who wishes them to live according to the laws of justice, rewards those who so live, regards everyone according to his merits, protects his subjects against injury and invasion, acts the part of a father to his kingdom, and consults the general prosperity of his people; in his heart there is charity, and his deeds are good works. The priest who teaches truth from the Word, and thereby leads to good of life, and so to heaven, because he consults the good of the souls of those of his church, is eminently in the exercise of charity. The judge who judges according to law and justice, and not for reward, friendship and relationship, consults the good of society and of each individual; of society because it is thereby kept in obedience to law and in the fear of transgressing it; and of the individual because justice thereby triumphs over injustice. The merchant who acts from honesty and not from deceit, consults the good of his neighbor with whom he has business. It is the same with a common or skilled workman, if he does his work rightly and honestly, and not fraudulently and deceitfully. It is the same with all others, as with captains and sailors, with farmers and servants.
422. VIII. CHARITY ITSELF IS TO ACT JUSTLY AND FAITHFULLY IN THE OFFICE, BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT IN WHICH ONE IS ENGAGED, AND TOWARDS THOSE WITH WHOM ONE HAS ANY DEALINGS.
Charity itself is to act justly and faithfully in the office, business and employment in which one is engaged, for then everything that a man does is of use to society, and use is good; and good in the abstract, considered apart from persons, is the neighbor. It was shown above that man not only individually, but also as a society of men, and one's country itself, are the neighbor. A king, for instance, who sets his subjects an example in well-doing, who desires that they should live according to the laws of justice, rewards those who so live, regards each according to his merit, defends them against injury and invasion, acts as the father of his kingdom, and consults the general prosperity of his people, is at heart an embodiment of charity, and his deeds are good works. A priest who teaches truths from the Word and thereby leads to the good of life, and so to heaven, because he consults the welfare of the souls of those who belong to his Church, is pre-eminently in the exercise of charity. A judge who judges according to justice and the law, and not for reward, friendship, or kinship, consults the good of society and of men individually; of society, because it is thus kept in obedience to law and in the fear of transgressing it, and of men individually, because justice triumphs over injustice. A merchant, if he acts from sincerity and not from deceit, consults the good of the neighbor with whom he has business. The same is true of a workman or craftsman, if he does his work uprightly and sincerely, and not fraudulently and deceitfully. The case is the same with all others, as captains and sailors, farmers and servants.
422. Quod ipsa Charitas sit, juste et fideliter 1 agere in officio, negotio et opere, in quo quisque est, et cum quibus in aliquo commercio est.
Quod ipsa Charitas sit juste et fideliter agere in officio, negotio et opere, in quo quisque est, est quia omnia quae homo ita facit, Societati usui sunt, ac usus est bonum, et bonum in sensu a personis abstracto, est proximus; quod non modo singularis homo, sed etiam societas minor, et ipsa patria sit proximus, supra ostensum est. Ut pro exemplo, Rex qui praeit subditos exemplo in bene agendo, velit ut illi vivant secundum leges justitiae, remunerat illos qui ita vivunt, spectat quemlibet ex merito, tutatur illos contra injurias et invasiones, agit Patrem Regni, et consulit in communi prosperitati populi sui, in corde ejus est Charitas, et facta ejus sunt bona opera. Sacerdos, qui docet vera ex Verbo, et per illa ducit ad bonum vitae, et sic ad Coelum, is quia consulit animabus hominum Ecclesiae suae, eminenter Charitatem exercet. Judex, qui ex justitia et lege judicat, et non ex munere, amicitia et affinitate, is consulit societati et homini in singulari, Societati, quia haec per id tenetur in obedientia legis, et in timore transgressionis ejus, et homini in singulari per id quod justitia triumphet super injustitiam. Negotiator, si ex sinceritate agit, et non ex fraude, consulit proximo cum quo negotium habet; similiter operarius et artifex, si recte et sincere, et non subdole et fallaciter suas operas facit; simile est cum reliquis, ut cum naviarchis et nautis, cumque colonis et famulis.
Footnotes:
1. Prima editio: fiaeliter.