431# 家内的仁义本分，包括丈夫对妻子、妻子对丈夫的本分，父母对子女、子女对父母的本分，也包括主人与主母对男女仆人的本分，以及男女仆人对主人与主母的本分。这些本分既关乎教育，也关乎家庭治理；其内容繁多，若一一列举，足以写成一卷书。
每个人受不同的爱所推动，去履行这些本分；这种爱不同于推动他履行职务本分的爱。丈夫对妻子、妻子对丈夫，是出于婚姻之爱，并照着这爱而行；父母对子女，是出于人人内在所具有的爱，这爱称为亲情之爱；子女对父母，则出于另一种爱，并照着这爱而行，而这种爱又与出于本分的顺服紧密相连。至于主人与主母对男女仆人的本分，则源于支配之爱；而这种爱，又取决于各人心智的状态。
【2】但婚姻之爱，以及对子女之爱，连同由此而来的本分和本分的履行，并不产生对邻舍之爱，不像人在职务中履行本分那样。因为所谓亲情之爱，在恶人那里与在善人那里同样存在，有时在恶人那里甚至更强；并且它也存在于走兽与飞鸟中，而在它们那里不可能形成任何仁义。众所周知，这种爱存在于熊、虎、蛇中，正如存在于绵羊和山羊中；也存在于猫头鹰中，正如存在于鸽子中。
【3】至于父母对子女的本分，特别说来，在有仁义者那里与在无仁义者那里，其内在性质不同；但在外表上却显得相似。在有仁义者那里，这种爱与对邻舍之爱、对上帝之爱相结合；因为他们爱子女，是按其品行、德行、志向，以及服务公共之善的才能而爱。至于无仁义者，在他们那里，仁义并不与所谓亲情之爱相结合；因此，其中许多人爱自己的子女，即便他们邪恶、败坏、狡诈，也胜过爱良善、端正、明智的子女；也就是说，他们爱那些对公共无益的，胜过爱那些对公共有益的。
431# 仁爱的家庭义务是指丈夫对妻子的义务和妻子对丈夫的义务，以及父母对子女的义务和子女对父母的义务，男主人和女主人对仆人，无论男女的义务，并后者对前者的义务。这些义务因与孩子的教育和家庭管理有关，所以如此之多，以至于若列举出来，它们会填满一本书。每个人都被引导出于一种不同于在日常职业中驱动他的爱来履行这些义务。丈夫和妻子出于并照着婚姻之爱来履行他们对彼此的义务；父母出于植入每个人、被称为父母之爱的爱来履行对子女的义务；子女则出于并照着另一种爱来履行对父母的义务，这种爱与服从义务原则或出于责任感的服从紧密相连。但男主人和女主人对他们的仆人，无论男女的义务源于对管理或权威的爱，这爱取决于每个人的心智状态。
然而，婚姻之爱和对子女的爱，连同这些爱的义务和对这些义务的履行，不像履行属于一个人的工作的义务那样产生对邻之爱，因为父母之爱同等地存在于坏人和好人身上，事实上，有时在坏人身上更强烈；此外，这爱也存在于无法形成或发展出仁爱的兽类和鸟类中。众所周知，熊、老虎、蛇，和绵羊、山羊一样爱自己的后代；猫头鹰和鸽子一样爱自己的后代。
至于具体的父母对子女的义务，对那些处于仁爱的人和那些没有处于仁爱的人来说，它们内在是不同的，尽管它们外在看起来是一样的。对那些处于仁爱的人来说，这爱与对邻之爱和对神之爱是结合在一起的；因为他们照着孩子的道德、美德、善意或热情和服务公众的资格或才能、潜力而爱自己的孩子。但对那些没有处于仁爱的人来说，仁爱没有与被称为父母之爱的爱结合；因此，许多这样的父母甚至爱邪恶、不道德和狡诈的孩子胜过良善、道德和谨慎的孩子；因此，他们爱那些对公众无用的孩子胜过那些有用的孩子。
431. Household obligations that are related to goodwill are a husband's obligations to his wife and a wife's obligations to her husband; also a father and mother's obligations to their children and the children's obligations to their father and mother; and the obligations of the male and female heads of a household to their male and female servants, and the obligations of the latter to them. Because these obligations have to do with child rearing and management of the estate, there are so many of them that a mere list would fill a large book. For all of us, what moves us to fulfill these obligations is a different love from the one that is operative in our work. A husband's obligation to his wife and a wife's obligation to her husband come from and depend on marriage love. A father and mother's obligations to their children come from a parental love that is instinctive in everyone. Children's obligations to their parents come from and depend on another love that is closely linked with obedience under obligation. The obligations male and female heads of a household have to their male and female servants come from a love of overseeing, which depends on each person's individual state of mind.
[2] Marriage love, however, and love for our children, along with the obligations and the fulfillment of the obligations involved in these loves, do not produce a love for our neighbor the way the fulfillment of our work-related obligations does. This is because instinctive parental love is just as present in evil people as in good people; in fact, it is sometimes stronger in evil people. It also exists in animals and birds, which could never attain goodwill. It is a known fact that bears, tigers, and snakes love their offspring as much as sheep and goats do; and owls love theirs as much as doves love theirs.
[3] As for parents' obligations to their children in specific, these obligations are inwardly different for people who have goodwill and people who do not, although the obligations look the same on the outside. For people who have goodwill, their love for their children is connected to their love for their neighbor and for God. They love their children for the children's manners, abilities, interests, and potential for serving the public. People who have no goodwill, on the other hand, have an instinctive parental love that is disconnected from goodwill. Many of them love their children even more if the children are evil, poorly behaved, and deceitful than if they are good, well behaved, and careful; such parents love children who are useless to the public more than children who are useful to it.
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431. Domestic charitable duties are those of a husband to his wife and a wife to her husband; as well as those of a father and mother to their children, and those of children to their parents; also those of a master or mistress to their servants and maids, and theirs to their masters. These duties, being concerned with the bringing up of children and the running of a home, are so numerous that if they were listed they would fill a book. It is a different kind of love which urges each person to these duties from that which urges them to the duties of office. In the case of a husband's duties to his wife and a wife's to her husband it is the result of conjugial love and dependent upon this. In the case of a father's and mother's love for their children, it is the result of the instinctive love everyone has, what is called parental affection. In the case of children for their parents it is the result of and dependent on another love which is closely connected with dutiful obedience. The duties, however, of a master or mistress to their servants and maids draw something from the love of controlling others, and this varies according to each person's state of mind.
[2] But conjugial love, and the love for children, together with their duties and the fulfilment of these duties, do not create love towards the neighbour, as does the fulfilment of the duties of office. For what is called parental affection exists just as much with the wicked as the good, and is sometimes stronger in the case of the wicked; it also exists with animals and birds, which are incapable of the development of charity. It is well known that this exists with bears, tigers and snakes just as much as with sheep and goats, with owls just as much as with doves.
[3] On the particular subject of parents' duties to their children, there is an intrinsic difference between those of the charitable and the uncharitable, although outwardly they appear similar. In the case of the charitable that love is linked with love towards the neighbour and love to God, for these people love their children for their morals, their virtues, their enthusiasms, and their talents for public service. But in the case of the uncharitable there is no linking of charity with parental affection. Most of these people therefore love their children even if they are wicked, immoral and sly more than if they are good, moral and prudent; in other words, they love those who are no use to the public more than those who are useful.
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431. The domestic duties of charity are those of the husband toward the wife, and of the wife toward the husband, of fathers and mothers toward their children, and of children towards their fathers and mothers, also the duties of masters and mistresses towards servants, male and female, and of the latter towards the former. These duties, because they are the duties of education and management at home, are so numerous that if recounted they would fill a volume. To the discharge of these duties everyone is moved by a love different from that which moves him to discharge the duties of his employment; husbands and wives are moved to their duties towards each other by marriage love and according to it; parents towards their children by the love implanted in everyone, called parental love; and children towards their parents by and according to another love which is closely connected with obedience from a sense of duty. But the duties of masters and mistresses towards their servants, male and female, have their source in the love of governing, and this love is according to the state of each one's mind.
[2] But marriage love and the love of children, with the duties of these loves and the practice of these duties, do not produce love to the neighbor as the practice of the duties in one's employment does; for the love called parental love exists equally with the bad and the good, and is sometimes stronger with the bad; moreover, it exists in beasts and birds, in which no charity can be formed. It is known that it exists with bears, tigers, and serpents, as much as with sheep and goats, and with owls as much as with doves.
[3] As to the duties of parents to children in particular, they are inwardly different with those who are in charity and those who are not, although externally they appear alike. With those who are in charity, that love is conjoined with love towards the neighbor and love to God; for by such children are loved according to their morals, virtues, good will, and qualifications for serving the public. But with those who are not in charity, there is no conjunction of charity with the love called parental love; consequently, many such parents love even wicked, immoral, and crafty children more than the good, moral, and discreet; thus they love those who are useless to the public, more than those who are useful.
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431. The domestic duties of charity are those of a husband to his wife, and of a wife to her husband; of a father and mother to their children, and of children to their parents; also of a master and mistress to their servants, and of servants to their master and mistress. The duties relating to the education of children and the management of households are so numerous that it would require a volume to enumerate them. Every man is led to discharge these duties from a love different from that which moves him in his ordinary occupation. The duties of a husband to his wife, and of a wife to her husband are from and according to conjugial love; those of a father and mother to their children are from the love implanted in every one, called parental love; and those of children to their parents from and according to another love, closely connected with obedience from a principle of duty. The duties of master and mistress to their servants partake of the love of authority, which varies according to the state of each one's mind.
[2] Conjugial love, however, and love towards children, together with their duties and the discharge of them, are not productive of love towards the neighbor, like the performance of the duties which belong to one's employment, for parental love exists alike with the wicked and the good. Indeed, it is sometimes stronger in the wicked; and it is also found among beasts and birds, in which no principle of charity can be developed. It is a matter of common knowledge that it exists with bears, tigers and serpents as well as with sheep and goats, and with owls as well as with doves.
[3] There is this to be particularly noted regarding duties of parents to their children. Inwardly there is a difference with those who are in charity and those who are not, although outwardly the duties appear similar. Those who are in charity unite their love with love towards the neighbor and with love to God, loving their children for their morality, their virtues, their zeal, and talents for public service. With those, however, who are not in charity there is no such union of charity with the parental love; so that many of them love wicked, immoral, and crafty children more than those who are good, moral, and prudent, and thus those who are useless to the public more than those who are useful.
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431. DEBITA CHARITATIS DOMESTICA, sunt Mariti erga Uxorem, et uxoris erga maritum; tum Patris et Matris erga Liberos, et liberorum erga patrem et matrem; ut et Heri et Herae erga famulos 1 et famulas, et horum erga illos; haec Debita, quia sunt educationis et administrationis in domo, sunt tam multa, ut si recenserentur, codicem implerent. Unusquisque homo fertur in haec debita ex alio amore, quam in debita functionis suae; Mariti erga Uxorem et Uxoris erga Maritum ex Amore conjugiali et secundum illum; Patris et Matris erga liberos ex Amore cuivis insito, qui vocatur Storge; et Liberorum erga Parentes ex alio amore et secundum illum, qui arcte se conjungit cum obedientia ex debito. Debita autem Heri et Herae erga famulos et famulas trahunt ex amore regnandi, et hic ex statu mentis cujusvis.
[2] Sed Amor conjugialis, et amor erga liberos cum eorum debitis et debitorum exercitiis, non producunt amorem erga proximum, sicut exercitia debitorum in functionibus; nam Amor Storge vocatus datur apud malos aeque ac apud bonos, et quandoque fortior apud malos, et quoque datur apud bestias et aves, apud quas nulla Charitas formari potest; quod sit apud ursos, tigrides et serpentes, aeque ac apud oves et capras, et apud bubones aeque ac apud columbas, notum est.
[3] Quod in specie attinet Debita parentum erga liberos, sunt debita intrinsecus alia apud illos qui in Charitate sunt, et alia apud illos qui non in Charitate sunt, sed extrinsecus apparent similia; apud illos qui in Charitate sunt, conjungitur amor ille cum amore erga proximum et cum amore in Deum, ab his enim amantur liberi secundum mores, virtutes, studia, et dotes serviendi publico; apud illos autem qui non in Charitate sunt, non est conjunctio Charitatis cum amore storge vocato, quare plures ex his amant Liberos etiam malos, immoratos, astutos, prae bonis, moratis et prudentibus, ita inutiles publico prae utilibus.
Footnotes:
1. Prima editio: fumulos.