576、数字十和十分之一表示余剩，这一点从以下经文清楚可知，以赛亚书：
必有许多又大又美的房屋成为废墟，无人居住。十英亩葡萄园只出一罢特；一贺梅珥种子只结一伊法。（以赛亚书5:9-10）
这论及属灵和属天事物的荒废；“十英亩葡萄园只出一罢特”表示属灵事物的余剩如此之少；“一贺梅珥种子只结一伊法”表示属天事物的余剩如此之少。以赛亚书：
在这陆地中间有许多撇弃的地方；那里剩下的将有十分之一，它必归回；然而，它定被根除。（以赛亚书6:12-13）
“陆地中间”表示内在人；“十分之一”表示如此少量的余剩。以西结书：
你们要用公道天平、一公道伊法、一公道罢特。伊法与罢特要一个容量的，罢特可盛一贺梅珥的十分之一，伊法也可盛一贺梅珥的十分之一，其容量要按贺梅珥。所分定的油，按油的罢特，一柯珥要献一罢特的十分之一；因为十罢特就是一贺梅珥。（以西结书45:10-11，14）
此处提到的数量与耶和华的圣物有关，它们表示各种不同的圣物；“十”在此表示属天事物和由此衍生的属灵事物的余剩。因为除非其中蕴含这些神圣奥秘，否则如在此处，以及该先知书论述天上的耶路撒冷和新圣殿的前面几章，其它先知书和犹太教会的各种仪式中提到的由数字所确定的这么多量有什么用或意图呢？
阿摩司书：
以色列的处女跌倒，不得再起。主耶和华如此说，这城发出一千，必只剩下一百；发出一百，必只剩下十个，给以色列家。（阿摩司书5:2-3）
此处用到“剩下（即余剩）”一词，经上说剩下的极少，只有十分之一，或余剩的余剩。阿摩司书：
我憎恶雅各的骄傲和他的宫殿；我必将关闭那城和其中所有。那时，若在一房之内剩下十个人，也都必死。（阿摩司书6:8-9）
“十”表示几乎没有存留的余剩。摩西五经：
亚扪人或摩押人不可入耶和华的会；甚至他们的第十代，也永不可入耶和华的会。（申命记23:3）
“亚扪人和摩押人”表示对信的属天和属灵事物的亵渎，关于“余剩”，前面已经论述了。
由此也明显可知，“十分之一”代表余剩，所以，玛拉基书上说：
你们要将十分之一全然送入宝库，使我家有战利品，就让他们试试我在这个问题上是否为你们敞开天上的窗户，倾福与你们。（玛拉基书3:10）
“使我家有战利品”表示内在人中好比“战利品”的余剩，因为它们可以说被暗中植入如此多的邪恶和虚假；所有祝福都通过这些余剩而来。人的一切仁爱都是通过内在人中的余剩而来的，这一事实在犹太教会以这条律例来代表：
他们付了他们的十分之一后，就要分给利未人和寄居的，与孤儿寡妇。（申命记26:12等）
由于余剩唯独属于主，所以十分之一被称为“归耶和华为圣”；如摩西五经：
地上所有的十分之一，无论是地上的种子，是树上的果子，都是耶和华的，是归给耶和华为圣的。牛群和羊群的十分之一，就是一切从杖下经过的，每第十只要归给耶和华为圣。（利未记27:30，32）
十诫由十条诫命或十句话构成，耶和华将它们写在石版上（申命记10:4），它们表示余剩。耶和华的手写下它们的事实表示余剩唯独属于主；石版代表它们住在内在人里面。
New Century Edition
Cooper(2008,2013)
[NCE]576. The following places establish the fact that ten, like a tenth, symbolizes a remnant. In Isaiah:
Many houses will become desolate — large, beautiful ones — without any inhabitant, since ten acres of vineyard will yield a single bath, and the sowing of a homer will yield an ephah.{*1} (Isaiah 5:9-10)
This concerns the devastation of spiritual and heavenly qualities. "Ten acres of vineyard will yield a bath" stands for the fact that so few traces of any spiritual quality remain. "The sowing of a homer will yield an ephah" stands for the fact that so few traces of any heavenly quality remain. In the same author:
And a great [portion] will be abandoned in the middle of the land, but a tenth will remain there and be converted; yet they are destined for eradication. (Isaiah 6:12-13)
The middle of the land stands for the inner self, and the tenth part, for so small a remnant. In Ezekiel:
You shall have honest scales and an honest ephah and an honest bath. The measure of an ephah and of a bath will be the same, so that a bath may hold a tenth of a homer, and an ephah a tenth of a homer. Their measure will be according to the homer. And the statute for the oil — the bath for oil — is a tenth of a bath out of a kor,{*2} ten baths being a homer; for ten baths are a homer. (Ezekiel 45:10-11, 14)
This discusses holy attributes of Jehovah in terms of measures, which symbolize different categories of sacred qualities. Ten here symbolizes a remnant of heavenly traits and of the spiritual traits that grow out of them. What would be the point of all these measures and the numbers that specify them if they did not contain some hidden, sacred significance? This applies to chapter 45 of Ezekiel and earlier chapters dealing with the heavenly Jerusalem and the new temple, to other prophets as well, and to various rituals in the Jewish religion.
[2] In Amos:
The virgin of Israel has fallen; she will not rise again. This is what the Lord Jehovih has said: "The city going out as a thousand will leave a remnant of one hundred, and the one going out as a hundred will leave a remnant of ten for the house of Israel." (Amos 5:2-3)
Here a remnant is mentioned, of which the smallest part will remain, since it is only a tenth part, or in other words, a remnant of a remnant. In the same author:
Jacob's pride and his palaces I hate, and I will shut up the city and its abundance. And it will happen that if ten men have been left in one house they will die. (Amos 6:8-9)
Ten stands for the remnant, which will hardly last. In Moses:
Neither an Ammonite nor a Moabite will come into Jehovah's assembly; not even the tenth generation of them shall ever come into Jehovah's assembly. (Deuteronomy 23:3)
The Ammonite and Moabite stand for profanation of the heavenly and spiritual attributes of faith, the remnants of which were discussed earlier [468, 530, 560-561].
[3] The fact that tithes represent remaining traces can be seen from the discussion above. They are treated of this way in Malachi:
Bring all tithes to the treasure house to be plunder in my House, and let them test me, please, in this: if I do not open to you the floodgates of heaven and pour out on you a blessing. (Malachi 3:10)
"To be plunder in my House" stands for the remnant in our inner self. The remnant is compared to plunder because it is tucked away among all our evils and falsities, so to speak. Through the remnant come all blessings.
All feeling of charity in us, too, comes by way of the remnant in our inner self. This was represented in the religion of the Jews by their giving to the Levite, the immigrant, the orphan, and the widow after they had paid their tithes (Deuteronomy 26:12 and following verses).
[4] Since the remnant is the Lord's alone, tithes are described as "holy to Jehovah," as in Moses:
All tithes of the land — from the seed of the land, from the fruit of the tree — they will be Jehovah's, holy to Jehovah. All tithes of herd and flock, everything that passes under the [shepherd's]{*3} crook — a tithe will be holy to Jehovah. (Leviticus 27:30, 32)
The Decalogue was the Ten Commandments, or the Ten Words,{*4} which Jehovah wrote on tablets (Deuteronomy 10:4), and they symbolize a remnant. The fact that they were written by Jehovah's hand symbolizes that the remnant is the Lord's alone. The fact that they reside in the inner self was represented by the tablets.
Footnotes:
{*1} A bath (בַּת [baṯ]) is a Hebrew liquid measure equal to about twenty-four quarts or twenty-three liters. The statement "ten acres of vineyard will yield a single bath" consequently means that ten acres will produce enough grapes to make about twenty-four quarts of wine. The Latin word here translated "acre" (jugerum) and the Hebrew word for which it stands (צֶמֶד [ṣemeḏ]) mean the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plow in a day, which, according to Lewis and Short (1879; see under jugerum) is more like two-thirds of an acre. A homer (חֹמֶר [ḥōmer]) is a dry or liquid measure equal to ten ephahs or ten baths, so "the sowing of a homer will yield an ephah" means that the harvested seed will be only a tenth of the amount sown. An ephah (אֵיפָה ['êṕā]) is a dry measure equal to about twenty-one quarts or about twenty-three liters. (See Metzger and Coogan 1993, 796.) [LHC]
{*2} A kor (כֹּר [kōr] in Hebrew) is the same as the liquid measure called a homer (see note 1 in 576); that is, about sixty gallons or 227 liters. [LHC]
{*3} This bracketed interpolation is Swedenborg's. [LHC]
{*4} The term Decalogue comes from the Greek for "ten words;" it reflects the underlying Hebrew word דְּבָרִים (dǝḇārîm), which literally means "words." The Hebrew, however, also has the meaning "commandments," and both senses are reflected in Swedenborg's gloss here, "the Ten Commandments, or the Ten Words" (Brown, Driver, and Briggs 1996, under דָּבָר). [RS]
Potts(1905-1910) 576
576. That the number "ten" and also "tenths" signify remains, is evident from the following passages of the Word:
Many houses shall be a desolation, great and fair, without an inhabitant; for ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of a homer shall yield an ephah (Isa. 5:9-10), speaking of the vastation of things spiritual and celestial: "ten acres of vineyard making a bath" signifies that the remains of things spiritual were so few; and "the seed of a homer yielding an ephah" signifies that there were so few remains of things celestial. In the same:
And many things are forsaken in the midst of the land, yet in it shall be a tenth part, and it shall return, and nevertheless it shall be consumed (Isa. 6:12-13);
where the "midst of the land" signifies the internal man; a "tenth part" signifies the smallness of the remains. In Ezekiel:
Ye shall have balances of justice, and an ephah of justice, and a bath of justice: the ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, the bath to contain the tenth of a homer, and an ephah the tenth of a homer; the measure thereof shall be after the homer; and the ordinance of oil, a bath of oil, the tenth of a bath out of a kor, ten baths to the homer, for ten baths are a homer (Ezek. 45:10-11, 14);
in this passage the holy things of Jehovah are treated of by measures, whereby are signified the kinds of the holy things; by "ten" are here signified the remains of celestial and of the derivative spiritual things; for unless such holy arcana were contained herein, what could be the use or intent of describing so many measures determined by numbers, as is done in this and the former chapters in the same Prophet, where the subject is the heavenly Jerusalem and the New Temple? [2] In Amos:
The virgin Israel is fallen, she shall no more rise. Thus saith the Lord Jehovih, The city that went out a thousand shall have a hundred remaining, and that which went out a hundred, shall have ten remaining to the house of Israel (Amos 5:2-3), where, speaking of remains, it is said that very little would be left, being only a "tenth part" or remains of remains. Again:
I abhor the pride of Jacob and his palaces, and will shut up the city, and its fullness, and it shall come to pass if there shall be left ten men in one house they shall even die (Amos 6:8-9), speaking of remains which should scarcely remain. In Moses:
An Ammonite or Moabite shall not come into the congregation of Jehovah, even the tenth generation of them shall not come into the congregation of Jehovah to eternity (Deut. 23:3);
"an Ammonite and a Moabite" signify the profanation of the celestial and spiritual things of faith, the "remains" of which are spoken of in what precedes. [3] Hence it appears also that "tenths" represent remains. And so in Malachi:
Bring ye all the tithes [tenths] into the treasure-house, that there may be booty in My house, and let them prove Me, bestir ye in this, if I will not open for you the cataracts of heaven, and pour you out a blessing (Mal. 3:10);
"that there may be booty in My house" signifies remains in the internal man, which are compared to "booty" because they are insinuated as by stealth among so many evils and falsities; and it is by these remains that all blessing comes. That all man's charity comes by the remains which are in the internal man, was also represented in the Jewish Church by this statute: that when they had made an end of tithing all the tithes, they should give to the Levite, to the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow (Deut. 26:12 seq.). [4] Inasmuch as remains are of the Lord alone, therefore the tenths are called "holiness to Jehovah"; as in Moses:
All the tenths of the land, of the seed of the land, of the fruit of the tree, they are Jehovah's, holiness to Jehovah: all the tenths of the herd and of the flock, whatsoever passeth under the (pastoral) rod, the tenth shall be holiness to Jehovah (Lev. 27:30-31). That the Decalogue consisted of "ten" precepts, or "ten" words, and that Jehovah wrote them on tables (Deut. 10:4), signifies remains, and their being written by the hand of Jehovah signifies that remains are of the Lord alone; their being in the internal man was represented by the tables.
Elliott(1983-1999) 576
576. That the number ten means remnants, just as tenths do, becomes clear from the following places: In Isaiah,
Many houses will be a desolation, large and beautiful ones, without inhabitant, for ten acres of vineyard will yield but one bath, and a homer of seed will yield an ephah. Isa 5:9, 10.
This refers to the vastation of spiritual and celestial things. 'Ten acres of vineyard will yield but one bath' stands for remnants of spiritual things being so few, while 'a homer of seed will yield an ephah' stands for remnants of celestial things being so few. In the same prophet,
And there will be many forsaken places in the midst of the land; and yet there will be a tenth part in it, and this will return; it will be however an uprooting. Isa 6:12, 13.
'The midst of the land' stands for the internal man, 'a tenth part' for such a small quantity of remnants. In Ezekiel,
You shall have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just bath. The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, the bath containing a tenth of a homer; and the ephah a tenth of a homer, the measure for it shall be after the homer. And the fixed portion of oil, of the bath of oil, shall be a tenth of a bath from a cor, which is ten baths to the homer; for ten baths are a homer. Ezek 45:10, 11, 14.
The quantities mentioned here relate to holy things, which are Jehovah's. They mean different kinds of holy things. 'Ten' here means remnants of celestial things and so of spiritual things. For what are the specific numerical quantities mentioned in this and in previous chapters of this prophet where the heavenly Jerusalem and the new Temple are the subject, and in other prophets, and also in the various rites of the Jewish Church, if they do not contain sacred arcana?
[2] In Amos,
She has fallen, no more to rise, the virgin of Israel. Thus said the Lord Jehovah, The city that goes forth a thousand will have remnants of a hundred, and that which goes forth a hundred will have remnants of ten to the house of Israel. Amos 5:2, 3.
The word 'remnants' is used here, of which only a fraction will remain, for this is only a tenth part, or the remnants of remnants. In the same prophet,
I hate the pride of Jacob and his palaces, and I will shut up the city and all that is in it. And it will be that if ten men will have remained in one house, they will die. Amos 6:8, 9.
'Ten' stands for remnants that are not likely to remain. In Moses,
The Ammonite and the Moabite shall not come into the assembly of Jehovah; even the tenth generation belonging to them shall not come into the assembly of Jehovah forever. Deut 23:3.'The Ammonite and the Moabite' stands for the profanation of the celestial and the spiritual things of faith, the remnants of which have been dealt with already.
[3] From this it is clear that 'tenths' represents remnants, of which Malachi speaks as follows,
Bring all the tithesa to the treasure-house, that there may be plunder in My house, and let them put Me to the test in this matter whether I will not open for you the windows of heaven and pour out a blessing for you. Mal 3:10.
'That there may be plunder in My house stands for remnants in the internal man, which are likened to 'plunder' because they are implanted, so to speak, by stealth among so many evils and falsities; and by way of such remnants comes every blessing. The fact that the whole of a person's charity comes to him by way of the remnants that are in the internal man was also represented in the Jewish Church by the requirement that once they had paid their tithes,a they were then to give to the Levite, the stranger, the orphan, and the widow, Deut 26:12 and following verses.
[4] Since remnants are the Lord' s alone, tenths are therefore called 'Holiness to Jehovah', and are spoken of in Moses as follows,
All the tithesa of the land - of the seed of the land, of the fruit of the tree - are Jehovah's; they are Holiness to Jehovah. All tithesa of the herd and of the flock, every tenth one that passes under the (herdsman's) staff shall be Holiness to Jehovah. Lev 27:30, 32.
Since the Decalogue consisted of Ten Commandments, or Ten Words, and Jehovah wrote them on tablets, Deut 10:4, remnants are meant; and the fact that they were written by the hand of Jehovah means that such remnants are the Lord's alone. Their presence in the internal man was represented by the tablets.
Latin(1748-1756) 576
576. Quod numerus 'decem' significet reliquias similiter ac 'decimae,' ex his quae sequuntur locis constare potest: apud Esaiam, Domus multae in desolationem erunt, magnae et pulchrae, absque habitatore, nam decem jugera vineae facient bathum unum, et sementis homer faciet epham, v 9, 10;de vastatione spiritualium et caelestium; 'decem jugera vineae facient bathum' pro quod tam paucae reliquiae spiritualium; 'sementis homer faciet epham' pro quod tam paucae reliquiae caelestium: apud eundem, Et multa derelicta in medio terrae, et adhuc in ea pars decima et convertetur, et tamen erit ad exstirpandum, vi 12, 13;
'medium terrae' pro interno homine, 'decima pars' pro reliquiis tantillis: apud Ezechielem, Lances justitiae, et ephah justitiae, et bath justitiae erit vobis: ephae et bathi mensura una erit, ad tollendum decimum homeris bathus, et decimum homeris ephah, ad homerem erit mensura ejus,... et statutum olei bathus olei, decimum bathi de koro, decem bathi homer, nam decem bathi homer, xlv 10, 11, 14;
ubi de sanctis Jehovae per mensuras agitur, per quas significantur sanctorum genera; per 'decem' hic reliquiae caelestium et inde spiritualium; nam quid tot mensurae determinatae numeris, ut in hoc capite et prioribus apud hunc Prophetam ubi agitur de Hierosolyma caelesti et templo novo, et apud alios, tum circa ritus varios Ecclesiae Judaicae, nisi arcana sancta contineant? [2] apud Amosum, Cecidit, non addet surgere virgo Israel:... sic dixit Dominus Jehovih, Urbs exiens mille, reliquias faciet centum, et exiens centum reliquias faciet decem domui Israelis, v 2, 3;
ubi 'reliquiae' nominantur quarum minimum mansurum, quia modo decima pars, seu reliquiarum reliquiae: apud eundem, Ego superbiam Jacobi, et palatia ejus odi, et concludam urbem et plenitudinem ejus; et fiet, si relicti fuerint decem viri in domo una, et morientur, vi 8, 9; pro reliquiis quae vix remansurae: apud Mosen, Non veniet Ammonita et Moabita in congregationem Jehovae, etiam generatio decima non veniet illis in congregationem Jehovae usque in aeternum, Deut. xxiii 4 [A.V. 3];
'Ammonita et Moabita' pro profanatione caelestium et spiritualium fidei, de quorum reliquiis prius. [3] Quod 'decimae' repraesentent 'reliquias,' inde constat; de quibus ita apud Malachiam, Adducite omnes decimas ad domum thesauri, ut sit praeda in domo Mea, et probent Me, agite, in hoc, si non aperuero vobis cataractas caeli, et effudero vobis benedictionem, iii 10;
'ut sit praeda in domo Mea' pro reliquiis in interno homine, quae comparantur 'praedae' quia quasi furtim' insinuantur inter tot mala et falsa, per quas reliquias omnis benedictio. Quod per reliquias quae in interno homine, omnis charitas hominis, repraesentatum quoque fuit in Ecclesia Judaica per id quod Postquam dederint decimas, darent Levitae, peregrino, orphano et viduae, Deut. xxvi 12 seq. [4] Quia reliquiae sunt solius Domini, ideo decimae vocantur 'Sanctitas Jehovae,' de quibus ita per Mosen, Omnes decimae terrae, de semine terrae, de fructu arboris, Jehovae illae, sanctitas Jehovae.... Omnes decimae armenti et gregis, omne quod transit sub baculo (pastoritio) decimum erit sanctitas Jehovae, Lev. xxvii 30, {x}32. 'Quod Decalogus fuerint Decem Praecepta, seu Decem Verba, et quod Jehovah scripserit illa super tabulis,' Deut. x 4, significat 'reliquias,' et 'quod scripta manu Jehovae,' significat quod reliquiae sint solius Domini; quod in interno homine repraesentatum est per tabulas.