L9.从广泛意义上说，律法是指摩西五经中所写的一切，这一点从以下经文明显看出来。路加福音：
亚伯拉罕对阴间的财主说，他们有摩西和先知，让他们听从他们吧；若不听从摩西和先知，就是有一个从死里复活的，他们也是不听劝。（路加福音16:29，31）
约翰福音：
腓力对拿但业说，摩西在律法上所写的和众先知所记的那一位，我们遇见了。（约翰福音1:45）
马太福音：
莫想我来要废掉律法和先知；我来不是要废掉，乃是要成全。（马太福音5:17）
同一福音书：
众先知和律法说预言，到约翰为止。（马太福音11:13）
路加福音：
律法和先知到约翰为止，从此神国的福音传开了。（路加福音16:16）
马太福音：
无论何事，你们愿意人怎样待你们，你们也要怎样待人，因为这就是律法和先知。（马太福音7:12）
同一福音书：
耶稣说，你要用你全部的心，全部的灵魂爱主你的神，要爱邻如己；全部律法和先知，都系於这两条诫命。（马太福音22:37，39，40）
在这些经文中，“摩西和先知”、“律法和先知”都表示摩西五经和先知书中所写的一切。“律法”尤表摩西所写的一切，这一点从以下经文看得更明显，路加福音：
按摩西律法满了洁净的日子，他们带着耶稣上耶路撒冷去，要把祂献与主。正如主的律法上所记，凡打开子宫的男丁必称圣归主。又要照主的律法上所说，或用一对斑鸠，或用两只雏鸽献祭。父母带耶稣进入圣殿，要照律法的规矩办理祂的事。他们照主的律法办完了一切的事。（路加福音2:22-24，27，39）
约翰福音：
摩西在律法上吩咐我们，把这样的妇人用石头打死。（约翰福音8:5）
同一福音书：
律法是藉着摩西而赐的。（约翰福音1:17）
从这些经文明显可知，在论述这些事的地方，如摩西五经中所写的，它们有时被称为“律法”，有时被称为“摩西”（在马太福音8:4；马可福音10:2-4；12:19；路加福音20:28，37；约翰福音3:14；7:19，51；8:17；19:7中也是如此）。经上所吩咐的许多事也被摩西称为“律法”，如燔祭（利未记6:9；7:37）；祭牲（利未记6:25；7:1-11）；素祭（利未记6:14）；大麻风（利未记14:2）；疑恨（民数记5:29，30）；拿细耳人（民数记6:13，21）。摩西自己称他的书为“律法”：
摩西将这律法写出来，交给抬耶和华约柜的祭司利未子孙。摩西对他们说，把这律法书拿来，放在耶和华的约柜旁边。（申命记31:9，11，26）
它被放在旁边，是因为石版在这柜子里面，严格意义上说，石版就是律法。后来，摩西五经被称为“律法书”：
大祭司希勒家对书记沙番说，我在耶和华家里得了律法书。王听见律法书上的话，便撕裂衣服。（列王纪下22:8，11；23:24）
9. In a broader sense “the Law” means everything Moses wrote in his five books, as we can see from the following passages. In Luke,
Abraham said to the rich man in hell, “They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them. If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.” (Luke 16:29, 31)
In John,
Philip said to Nathanael, “We have found the one of whom Moses in the Law, and also the prophets, wrote.” (John 1:45)
In Matthew,
Do not think that I have come to destroy the Law and the Prophets: I have come not to destroy but to fulfill. (Matthew 5:17-18)
Or again,
All the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John. (Matthew 11:13)
In Luke,
The Law and the Prophets extended to [the time of] John; since then, the Kingdom of God has been proclaimed. (Luke 16:16)
In Matthew,
Whatever you want people to do for you, you do the same for them. This is the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 7:12)
Or again,
Jesus said, “You are to love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and you are to love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.” (Matthew 22:37, 39-40)
In these passages “the Law and the Prophets” and “Moses and the prophets” mean everything written in the books of Moses and in the books of the prophets.
The following passages also show that “the Law” means specifically everything written by Moses. In Luke,
When the days of their purification according to the Law of Moses were completed, they brought Jesus to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord-as it is written in the Law of the Lord, “Every male who opens the womb is to be called holy to the Lord, ”- and to offer a sacrifice according to what is said in the Law of the Lord, “a pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons.” And the parents brought Jesus into the Temple to do for him according to the custom of the Law. When they had completed all things according to the Law of the Lord... (Luke 2:22-24, 27, 39)
In John,
The Law of Moses commanded that people like this should be stoned. (John 8:5)
Or again,
The Law was given through Moses. (John 1:17)
We can see from these passages that sometimes it says “the Law” and sometimes “Moses” when it is talking about whatever is written in his books. See also Matthew 8:4; Mark 10:2-4; 12:19; Luke 20:28, 37; John 3:14; 7:19, 51; 8:17; 19:7.
Then too, many things that are commanded are called the law by Moses-for example, commandments about burnt offerings (Leviticus 6:9; 7:37), sacrifices (Leviticus 6:25; 7:1-11), the meal offering (Leviticus 6:14), leprosy (Leviticus 14:2), jealousy (Numbers 5:29-30), and Naziritehood (Numbers 6:13, 21).
In fact, Moses himself called his books the Law:
Moses wrote this Law and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who carried the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, and said to them, “Take the book of this Law and put it beside the ark of the covenant of Jehovah.” (Deuteronomy 31:9, 25-26)
It was placed beside [the ark]: within the ark were the stone tablets that are “the law” in a strict sense.
Later, the books of Moses are called “the Book of the Law”:
Hilkiah the high priest said to Shaphan the scribe, “I have found the Book of the Law in the house of Jehovah.” When the king heard the words of the Book of the Law, he tore his clothes. (2 Kings 22:8, 11; 23:24)
9. In a broader sense the Law means everything written by Moses in his five books. This is apparent from the following verses:
In Luke:
Abraham said to (the rich man in hell), “They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.... If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded even if one rose from the dead.” (Luke 16:29, 31)
In John:
Philip...said to (Nathanael), “We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law, and the Prophets, wrote....” (John 1:45)
In Matthew:
Do not think that I came to undo the Law and the Prophets. I did not come to undo but to fulfill. (Matthew 5:17-18)
Again in Matthew:
...all the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John. (Matthew 11:13)
In Luke:
The Law and the Prophets were until John. Since that time the kingdom of God is preached.... (Luke 16:16)
In Matthew:
...whatever you wish men to do to you, do also to them...this is the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 7:12)
Again in Matthew:
Jesus said..., “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and...you shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.” (Matthew 22:37, 39-40)
In these places Moses and the Prophets, or the Law and the Prophets, mean everything written in the books of Moses and in the books of the Prophets.
[2] That the Law in particular means everything written by Moses is still more apparent from the following verses:
In Luke:
When the days of her purification according to the Law of Moses were completed, they brought (Jesus) to Jerusalem to present Him to the Lord (as it is written in the Law of the Lord, that every male who opens the womb shall be called holy to the Lord), and to offer a sacrifice according to what is said in the Law of the Lord, “A pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons.” ...And...the parents brought...Jesus (into the Temple), to do for Him according to the custom of the Law.... When they had performed all things according to the Law of the Lord.... (Luke 2:22-24, 27, 39)
In John:
In the Law Moses commanded us to stone such.... (John 8:5)
Again in John:
...the Law was given through Moses.... (John 1:17)
It is apparent from this that when reference is made to statements made in the books of Moses, those books are called sometimes the Law and sometimes Moses. This is apparent also in Matthew 8:4; Mark 10:2-4, 12:19; Luke 20:28, 37; John 3:14, 7:19, 51, 8:17, 19:7.
[3] There are also many other things commanded by Moses that he calls the Law. So, for example, laws regarding burnt offerings (Leviticus 6:9, 7:37). Regarding other sacrifices (Leviticus 6:25, 7:1-11). Regarding the grain offering (Leviticus 6:14). Regarding leprosy (Leviticus 14:2). Regarding jealousy (Numbers 5:29-30). Regarding the Nazirite (Numbers 6:13, 21).
Moreover, Moses himself calls his books the Law:
Moses wrote this Law and delivered it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who bore the ark of the covenant of Jehovah.... (And he said to them,) “Take this book of the Law, and place it beside the Ark of the Covenant of Jehovah....” (Deuteronomy 31:9, 11, 26)
It was placed beside the Ark, because the Ark had in it the stone tablets which, in a strict sense, are the Law.
The books of Moses were later called the book of the Law:
Hilkiah the high priest said to Shaphan the scribe, “I have found the book of the Law in the house of Jehovah.” ...when the king heard the words of the book of the Law, he tore his clothes. (2 Kings 22:8, 11, 23:24)
9. 2. BY THE LAW, IN A WIDER SENSE, ARE MEANT ALL THINGS THAT WERE WRITTEN BY MOSES IN HIS FIVE BOOKS. This is evident from the following passages
In Luke:
Abraham said to the rich man in hell, They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them ...
If they hear not Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead. Luke 16:29, 31.
In John:
Philip said to Nathanael, We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law, and the Prophets, did write. John 1:45.
In Matthew:
Think not that I am come to destroy the Law and the Prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. Matthew 5:17-18.
In the same:
All the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John. Matthew 11:13.
In Luke:
The Law and the Prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached. Luke 16:16.
In Matthew:
All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the Law and the Prophets. Matthew 7:12.
In the same:
Jesus said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul ...
And, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
On these two commandments hang the Law and the Prophets. Matthew 22:37, 39-40.
In these places, by Moses and the Prophets, as also by the Law and the Prophets, are meant all things that were written in the Books of Moses and in, those of the Prophets. That by the Law, specifically, are meant all things that were written through Moses, is still more evident from the following passages:
In Luke:
When the days of her purification according to the Law of Moses were accomplished, they brought Jesus to Jerusalem, to present Him to the Lord;
(As it is written in the Law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;)
And to offer a sacrifice, according to what is said in the Law of the Lord, A pair of turtle doves and two young pigeons ...
And the parents brought Jesus into the temple, to do for Him after the custom of the Law ...
And when they had performed all things according to the Law of the Lord ... Luke 2:22-24, 27, 39.
In John:
Moses in the Law commanded that such should be stoned. John 8:5.
In the same:
The Law was given through Moses. John 1:17.
Hence it is evident that sometimes the Law is named, and sometimes
Moses, where such things are treated of as are written in his Books, as also in
Matthew 8:4; Mark 10:2-4; 12:19; Luke 20:28, 37; John 3:14; 7:19, 51; 8:17; 19:7.
Many things that were commanded are also called by Moses the Law, as in relation
To burnt-offerings, Leviticus 6:9; 7:37; to sacrifices, 6:25; 7:1-11; to meat offering, 6:14; to leprosy, 14:2; to jealousy, Numbers 5:29-30; to Naziriteship, 6:13, 21.
Moses himself called his Books, the, Law:
Moses wrote this Law, and delivered it unto the priests, the sons of Levi, who bare the ark of the covenant of Jehovah.
And he said to them, Take the Book of this Law, and put it by the side of the ark of the covenant of Jehovah. Deuteronomy 31:9, 11, 26.
It was put by the side, because within the ark were the tables of stone, which, in a strict sense, are the Law. The Books of Moses are afterwards called the Book of the Law:
And Hilkiah the High Priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the Book of the Law in the house of Jehovah.
When the king had heard the words of the Book of the Law, he rent his clothes. 2 Kings 22:8, 11; 2 Kings 23:24.
9. That by the Law in a wider sense are meant all things written by Moses in his five books, is evident from the following passages. In Luke:
Abraham said to the rich man in hell, They have Moses and the Prophets, let them hear them; if they hear not Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead (16:29, 31).
In John:
Philip said to Nathanael, We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law and the Prophets did write (1:45).
In Matthew:
Think not that I am come to loosen the Law and the Prophets; I am not come to loosen, but to fulfill (5:17).
All the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John (11:13).
In Luke:
The Law and the Prophets were until John since then the kingdom of God is evangelized (16:16).
In Matthew:
All things whatsoever that ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets (7:12).
Jesus said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself; on these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets (22:37, 39, 40).
In these passages, "Moses and the Prophets," and "the Law and the Prophets," mean all things that have been written in the books of Moses and in the books of the prophets.
That "the Law" specifically means all things that have been written by Moses, is further evident from the following passages. In Luke:
When the days of her purification, according to the Law of Moses, were fulfilled, they brought Jesus to Jerusalem, to present Him to the Lord; as it is written in the Law of the Lord: Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord; and to offer a sacrifice, according to that which is said in the Law of the Lord: A pair of turtle-doves, or two young pigeons. And the parents brought Jesus into the temple, to do for Him after the custom of the Law. And when they had performed all things according to the Law of the Lord (2:22-24, 27, 39).
In John:
Moses in the Law commanded us that such should be stoned (8:5).
The Law was given by Moses (1:17).
From these passages it appears that where such things are spoken of as are written in the books of Moses, they are sometimes called "the Law," and sometimes "Moses."
(So also in Matthew 8:4; Mark 10:2-4; 12:19; Luke 20:28, 37; John 3:14; 7:19, 51; 8:17; 19:7.)
Many things that were commanded also, are called by Moses "the Law," as:
Concerning the burnt-offerings (Leviticus 6:9; 7:37).
Concerning the sacrifices (Leviticus 6:25; 7:1-11).
Concerning the meat-offering (Leviticus 6:14).
Concerning leprosy (Leviticus 14:2).
Concerning jealousy (Numbers 5:29, 30).
Concerning the Naziriteship (Numbers 6:13, 21).
And Moses himself calls his books "the Law:"
Moses wrote this Law, and delivered it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who bare the ark of the covenant of Jehovah; and he said to them, Take the Book of this Law, and put it at the side of the ark of the covenant of Jehovah (Deuteronomy 31:9, 11, 26). It was placed at the side, because within the ark were the tables of stone, which in a restricted sense are the Law. Afterwards the books of Moses are called "The Book of the Law:"
And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the Book of the Law in the house of Jehovah. And when the king had heard the words of the Book of the Law, he rent his garments (2 Kings 22:8, 11; 23:24).
9. (ii.) Quod per "Legem" in latiori sensu intelligantur omnia quae a Mose in quinque ejus libris scripta sunt, patet ex his sequentibus:
- Apud Lucam,
Abraham dixit ad divitem in inferno, "Habent Mosen et Prophetas, audiunto illos;... si Mosen et Prophetas non audiunt, 1neque si quis ex mortuis resurrexerit, persuadebuntur" (16:29, 31).
Apud Johannem,
Philippus dixit ad Nathanaelem, "Quem scripsit Moses in Lege, et Prophetae, invenimus" (1:46 [NCBSP: 1:45]).
Apud Matthaeum,
"Nolite putare quod venerim ad solvendum Legem et Prophetam; non veni ad solvendum, sed ad implendum" (5:17-18).
Apud eundem,
"Omnes Prophetae et Lex usque ad Johannem prophetarunt" (11:13).
Apud Lucam,
"Lex et Prophetae usque ad Johannem; abhinc regnum De evangelizatur" (16:16 2).
Apud Matthaeum,
"Omnia quaecunque volueritis ut faciant vobis homines, sic et vos facite illis; haec... est Lex et Prophetae" (7:12).
Apud eundem,
"Jesus... dixit..., Amabis Dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo, et in tota anima tua... et amabis proximum tuum ut teipsum: ex his duobus mandatis Lex et Prophetae pendent" (22:37, 39-40 3).
In illis locis per "Mosen et Prophetas," tum per "Legem et Prophetas," intelliguntur omnia quae in libris Mosis et in libris Prophetarum scripta sunt, Quod per "Legem" in specie intelligantur Omnia quae per Mosen scripta sunt, patet adhuc ex his:- Apud Lucam,
"Impleti sunt dies purificationis juxta Legem Mosis, deduxerunt" Jesum "Hierosolymam, ut sisterent Domino; quemadmodum scriptum est in Lege Domini, quod omnis masculus aperiens uterum, sanctum Domino vocandus esset; ac ut darent sacrificium juxta quod dictum est in Lege Domini, par turturum, et duos pullos columbarum. ...Et adducebant parentes... Jesum in templum, ut facerent juxta consuetum Legis pro Ipso. ...Cum perfecissent omnia quae juxta Legem Domini," etc. (2:22-24, 27, 39).
Apud Johannem,
"In Lege... Moses... praecepit tales lapidare" (8:5).
Apud eundem,
"Lex per Mosen data est" (1:17).
Inde patet quod nunc "Lex" nunc "Moses" nominetur, ubi agitur de talibus quae in libris ejus scripta sunt
(Ut quoque Matthaeum 8:4; Marcum 10:2-4, 12:19; Lucam 20:28, 37; Johannem 3:14, 7:19, 51, 8:17; 19:7).
Plura etiam a Mose dicuntur "Lex," quae mandata sunt, ut
De Holocaustis (Leviticum 6:2 (B.A. 9); 7:37);
De Sacrificiis (Leviticum 6:18 (B.A. 25); 7:1-11);
De Lepra (Leviticum 14:2):
De Zelotypia (Numeri 5:29-30);
De Naziraeatu (Numeri 6:13, 21).
Et ipse Moses vocat libros suos "Legem:."
"Scripsit... Moses Legem hanc, et dedit eam sacerdotibus, filiis Levi, portantibus arcam foederis Jehovae:" et dixit illis, "Accipiendo Librum Legis hujus, ponite eum a latere arcae foederis Jehovae" (Deuteronomium 31:9, 11, 26).
A latere positus est, intus enim in arca erant tabulae lapideae, quae in stricto sensu sunt Lex. Libri Mosis vocantur "Liber Legis" postea:-
"Dixit Chilkia sacerdos magnus ad Schaphanem scribam, Librum Legis inveni in domo Jehovae. ...Cum audivit Rex verba Libri Legis, rupit vestes suas" (2 Regum 22:8, 11 4; 23:24).
Footnotes:
1. audiunt pro "audiant:" vide De Caelo et Inferno 456.
2. 16 pro "17"
3. 37, 39-40 pro "35, 37-38"
4. 11 pro "10"